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Tens of thousands of people joined nationwide protests yesterday against India's ban on high-value banknotes, which organisers said had caused a "financial emergency"in a country that operates almost entirely on cash.

Indian activists from the Trinamool Congress - TMC party protest against the recent demonetisation move during a rally in Kolkata, capital of eastern Indian state West Bengal, India, Nov. 28, 2016. A protest rally was held by activists from theTMCparty in Kolkata on Monday against the recent demonetisation move. Photo by: Xinhua/Tumpa Mondal

India is still reeling from Prime Minister Narendra Modi's shock decision nearly three weeks ago to pull 86 per cent of the currency from circulation overnight, triggering a chronic shortage of cash.

Many ordinary Indians say they support the scheme if it forces the rich to pay their taxes by making them bank undeclared income, but economists have warned it could hit growth hard.

Around 25,000 people took to the streets of the eastern city of Calcutta, capital of West Bengal state, whose left-wing Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has warned of "riots and epidemics"if the ban continues.

Protester Sumit Sen said he had been forced to close his grocery shop after business slowed to a trickle: "Running my grocery shop became impossible."

An estimated 6,000 rallied in Mumbai, India's western commercial hub, police said.

"We are protesting against the undeclared financial emergency imposed by the government and the hardships people across the country are facing because of this illegal decision,"said Manish Tewari of the opposition Congress party. "The decision to demonetise high-value currency was done without any authority and legislation and is clearly illegal."

Owners of the banned 500 (HK$57) and 1,000 rupee, notes have until the end of the year to deposit them in a bank, and can only directly exchange a small number for new currency.

But authorities have struggled to print enough new notes to meet demand and economists say the ensuing cash crunch will hit growth. Former prime minister Manmohan Singh, a respected economist, said last week it would shave at least 2 percentage points off growth, which topped 7 per cent in the first half of the financial year.

"I do not disagree with the objectives but it is a monumental case of mismanagement,"the Congress party lawmaker told parliament. "The way demonetisation has been implemented, it will hurt agricultural growth and all those people working in the informal sector."

Over 90 per cent of transactions in India are conducted in cash. Many have been left without enough cash to buy food or daily essentials, while farmers have been unable to buy seeds and small traders say business has fallen off a cliff.

Nonetheless Modi has repeatedly defended the scheme, accusing its detractors of being tax evaders and urged all Indians to switch to non-cash payment methods.