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The killing of Kate Steinle by Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, a Mexican national deported from the US five times, sparked a row over illegal immigration.
While the jury cleared him of murder and manslaughter, he was convicted of illegally possessing a firearm.
President Trump described the verdict as "disgraceful".
"No wonder the people of our country are so angry with illegal immigration," he said in a pre-dawn tweet on Friday.
"His exoneration is a complete travesty of justice. BUILD THE WALL!"
President Trump also decried the fact that Garcia Zarate's immigration status was deemed irrelevant by the California judge, and was not discussed in court.
Garcia Zarate did not deny shooting Ms Steinle, but said it was not deliberate.
He faces a potential sentence of between 16 months and three years after being found guilty on the charge of being a convicted criminal in possession of a handgun.
Jose Ines Garcia Zarate was found guilty of illegal possession of a firearm
He had been released from prison by the San Francisco sheriff's department shortly before the killing.
Despite being in the country illegally, he was not handed over to immigration officials because San Francisco's "sanctuary" law means city authorities do not co-operate with immigration officials
Republicans oppose the sanctuary city movement in cities, and the hashtag #BoycottSanFrancisco was trending in the US on Friday morning.
In a statement, Attorney General Jeff Sessions urged "the leaders of the nation's communities to reflect on the outcome of this case and consider carefully the harm they are doing to their citizens by refusing to co-operate with federal law enforcement officers".
"The Department of Justice will continue to ensure that all jurisdictions place the safety and security of their communities above the convenience of criminal aliens," he added.
(BBC)
